Introduction:
Behaviour change exercises for better health is a vast field of study
which has been a subject matter for researchers and investigators over the
years. It is for this reason that a number of interventions and exercises in
health management were originated for and based on the theoretical models.
Among different models of physical activities, transtheoretical model for behaviour
change has been considered as an effective and systematic model with a
pragmatic approach. This paper aims to present an in-depth analysis of the
transtheoretical model of behaviour change (TTM). The analysis will be done by
giving important consideration to the critical address to the model as an
application for modification of healthy behaviour among people. The paper shall
also discuss the problems associated with the adherence of the TTM based
interventions or exercise for the need of better behavioural change.
Generalities of
Transtheoretical Model of Behavioural Change:
A number model has been drawn specifically in order to illustrate the
ways in which behavioural change within an individual is more likely to be
noted. The origination of the model was done by the conceptualization by
Prochaska and DiClemente in 1983. The conceptualization made use of certain
theoretical constructs to make the description of the behavioural changes
associated with the modification of healthy behaviour. The difference between
transtheoretical model of behaviour change and other approaches is that other
approaches have utilized social and biological impact to focus on the behaviour
and decision-making. This makes transtheoretical model of behaviour change to
be more relevant and specific to human behaviour change (Moran, 2004).
The contribution of Prochaska and DiClemente is basically a sum mixture
of different theoretical basis of psychotherapies and models. The
generalization on which the transtheoretical model of behaviour change is based
is the occurrence of change over the time. The application of the TTM is
considered to be effective in case of modification and promotion of healthy
activities in the daily routine of humans. It is an obvious fact that humans
can gain a great deal of mental stability and behavioural activity by
implementation physical exercise. TTM based physical exercise can bring
positive change among individuals because of the analytical grounds on which
the behaviour change is measured (Carlin, 2009).
Critical
Address to TTM:
As per the grounds of the model, it has been noted that the behavioural
change can occur in five categorized stages. These stages are noted to be
Pre-contemplation stage, contemplation stage, preparation stage, action stage
and maintenance stage. The interventions based upon the TTM are required to be
tailored as per the analysis of the person’s behavioural stage capacity. This
notes that the process of behavioural change can occur from any stage but with
a pace of process which is systematic. This makes the application of TTM more
understandable and effective. In comparison with other models which were
created for exercise of behavioural change, it was noted that other models were
able to gauge the success of the behavioural change for a certain time of
period. It is due to the fact that the adherence to the models other than TTM
has been lowered (Biddle & Mutrie, 2008).
The purpose of the establishment of TTM is considered to be the
alteration of the smoking cessation. This means that the employment of TTM was
initially done for behavioural change among the smokers. Later on, it was noted
that TTM can be implemented in altering and designing different exercise for
bringing behavioural change. A number of researchers have made use of TTM as a
model to promote physical activity among individuals. According to the research
by Adams and White (2003), the interventions based upon TTM are most effective
among individuals because of the stages of contemplation. The research was
mainly conducted by consideration of working papers from the popular medical
databases such as Medline and PUB Medical were used. Keywords such as stages of
change, activity and exercise were used to find relevant resources for the
research. It was noted that consideration of different procedural stages is
correct in the form of bringing change for humans in optimal beginning.
Different elements and subjects that have been considered by TTM are effective
for deploying a physical challenge to the individuals (Adams & White, 2003).
Despite the uniqueness of the TTM, the model has been addressed with a
lot of criticism by the researchers. The most common critical address which has
been noted to affect model’s application is the conceptual base. In other
words, it could be said that the model employs stage-based theories of human behaviour
which is considered doubted on the basis of conceptualization. Macnee and
McCabe (2004) believe that the analytical tools employed in the model are not
effective to measure the change in human behaviour. Such a critical address has
been posed to the model because of the consideration of human behaviour as a
versatile one which can further be categorized in a number of stages. This is
an imperative aspect in the critical address for the model (Buckworth & Dishman, 2002).
As a result of critical addresses that were being posed to TTM, a lot of
research was put underway to understand the geniuses of the critical addresses (Hayden, 2009). It was noted as per the
research that longitudinal trails made it obvious to understand that
interventions based upon TTM are able to make great difference in the physical
activities of individuals. It is for this reason that the TTM based
interventions was awarded with the Gold Award because of its achievement in
bringing behavioural change. This has been noted occasionally that any model is
awarded with such a label in health management (Timmins,
2011). It was also noted that the studies which are conducted in order
to note the inefficiency of the TTM based intervention lacked consideration of
cage behaviour throughout the constructs of TTM. It can also be said that the
studies which have been conducted to note the inefficiency of TTM did not
employ an effective research method. There were shortcomings of sample size in
such studies or the follow-ups to the study remained limited. It should also be
noted that the studies were not effective in terms of recruitment rates (Lenio, 2006).
Problem associated with
Adherence to Exercise:
As per other critical addresses, it was noted that adherence to the
interventions based upon TTM, a large number of individuals were able to manage
their stress. The application and adherence to the TTM based intervention has
been a very important concern of the physical health promoters. Studies were
also conducted to understand the problems with the adherence to the TTM. It was
noted that the biggest problem faced by the individuals was lack of self-efficiency
(Dishman, Washburn, & Heath, 2007).
In other words, it could be said that lowered adherence of individuals with the
TTM based interventions could be lowered self-efficiency. Self-efficiency is
basically defined as a behavioural character which notes that a person should
be able to build his or her viewpoint regarding the act to bring behavioural
change. Self-efficiency is a tool that helps an individual to understand his or
her capacity to bring change in him. It will not be incorrect to state that a
person with high self-efficiency level is able to perform as a defining element
of bringing change. A person who is able to understand his capability will
surely look ahead to being confident in him even in risk-based situations. Thus,
it can be said that if people needs to continue the habit of psychical activity
then they must be aware of their self-efficiency levels to ensure physical
activities (Howley & Frank, 2007).
Conclusion:
Through the above critical analysis of the transtheoretical model of behavioural
change, it can be stated that it is an effective tool to bring behavioural
change among individuals. It is a systematic approached model that has a
pragmatic approach. A number of critics have claimed that the model is not able
to gauge a long term benefits but in comparison with other models of similar
kind, it was noted that the stage base processes were more effective in
bringing positive behavioural change. Critical studies which were conducted to
the review the effectiveness of the TTM based interventions were poorly
designed in terms of methodology. Thus, it is for this reason, TTM based model
cannot be considered as non-applicable. In fact, the TTM based interventions should
be considered as an effective way to bring behavioural change because of its
achievement of award in the field of health management. It should also be noted
that the interventions based upon the TTM models are becoming a victim of low
self-efficiency measure. Individuals who are much aware of their
self-efficiency levels are more likely to adhere to the physical exercises based
upon TTM in their daily routine.
References List
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Buckworth, J., & Dishman, R. (2002). Exercise Psychology. New
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Carlin, C. (2009). The Impact of Voluntary Participation in a Community
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Washington DC.: Routledge.
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